Example:

False assumption that if there are economic differences between two racial groups at any fixed point in time that there must be foul play involved. Therefore government must implement “social justice” by victimizing the more successful group. Ignores history.

The More Righteous for Not Questioning version of A Priori is liked by religious fanatics.

Example:

With enflamed piety,

“Don’t speak to me of reason.

Don’t confuse me with facts.

Don’t confound me with logic.

Don’t burden me with truth.

The anointed one is my redeemer,

And I will not disobey!”

Appeal to Improper Authority

One claims that his argument is right because someone famous or powerful supports it

Example:

Sound economic policies must be wrong because famous, uneducated, Hollywood twits make impassioned, but treasonous, threats against those who support them.

Ad Misericordiam

Appeal to emotion or pity

Often ignores the long term

Example:

“By 1920, Ludwig Von Misses had proved everything that Karl Marx ever postulated.”

“But … poor people are suffering.”

Adverse Consequences

Conclusion must be false because the consequences of it being true are just too terrible to contemplate 

Example:

“My heart tells me that that no major religion could ever endorse or condone rape.”

Guess what? Islam does. Wake up!

Personal Incredulity

Argument must be false because you don’t understand its technicalities

Example:

“We can’t eliminate the personal income tax. How will we pay for government?”

Grasping at Straws

Desperate citing of unrelated irrelevancies

Example:

“Are you for or against Socialism?”

“I believe we should all love each other, nobody understands another person's feelings, you should think about being in the other person’s shoes, what about poverty, what happens if we have to eat pigeons and rats?”

Snow Job

Smoke Screen

Blizzard or cloud of distraction used deliberately to cover up the main issues

Example:

Ongoing rhetoric of Globalist media 

Anecdotal

Uses a personal experience or an isolated example instead of a sound argument

Example:

“Their economic proposals remind me of the time my cousin Lucy got locked inside the neighbors’ outhouse in a snowstorm. The neighbors were away, and she was missing in there for three days. When the police finally found her … well, you can just imagine …”

Pedantry

Last Refuge of Little Minds

Jumping on a minor spelling or pronunciation problem, grammatical error, or typo to distract from the substance of the argument.

Example:

In an Email letter:

“It’s wrong that American women are being told they must wear berkas.”

Email reply:

“I’m sorry, but the term is burkas.”

Component Fallacies

Errors in Syllogistic Reasoning

Begging the Question

Premise and conclusion say the same thing

Often ignores slow changes over time

Example:

“Recreational drugs don’t hurt us, because we are back to normal the next morning.”

Circular Reasoning

Phrasing premise and conclusion in different words that mean the same thing

Example:

“Absolute individual liberty will present a danger to society, because society cannot be safe if people are truly free.”

Glib Generalization

Jumping to Conclusions

Cannot See the Forest for the Trees

Too small a sample to support a sweeping generalization. This often involves reasoning backwards inductively from an exceptional particular instance to a false general premise 

Example:

Some high IQ members of a genetically inferior group are able to succeed, so they all can.

Therefore evolved societies should be ruined to give special advantage to Stone Age people.

False Cause

References a cause-effect relationship that does not exist

Two common types:

Non Causa Pro Causa

Mistaking a false cause for a real cause

Example:

“Free thinking led to all this drug use.”

In truth, Prohibition created a huge black market profit potential that led to a program of aggressive marketing we call pushing.

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

After this, therefore because of this

Assumes that correlation equals causation.

If one circumstance occurs in proximity to another, then it must be the cause of it.

Example:

“The excess love of whiskey in the 1920s caused the terrible gang wars of that period.”

In real life, it was the inability of bootleggers to arbitrate disputes in the courts that caused the gang wars. Prohibition was the cause. Make court actions illegal in real estate disputes, and watch the murder rate go sky high.

Ignorantio Elenchi

Irrelevant Conclusion

Argument used to establish a particular conclusion by redirecting it back as though evidenced by a more general related premise which may, or may not, be true.

Example:

A proposal is under consideration for increase in immigration by racially incompatible people.

“It is desirable for society to have a diverse racial and ethnic population.”

To guilt ridden self-haters, this seems self-evident. They all agree. Later…

“My proposal is this…like I said at the beginning … it is desirable to have a diverse … therefore I move that we …”

The entire premise is false. Historically there has never been even one multi-racial society that did not self-destruct because of the forced unnatural mixing.

A subcategory of Ignorantio Elenchi is

The Red Herring

Changing the subject to avoid answering

Example:

“Marxism doesn’t work.”

“All people are entitled to personal dignity.”

Another form of the Red Herring is

Tu Quoque

“And you too!"

An argument must be false because the person presenting it doesn't follow it himself.

Example:

”We need to take back our streets.”

“We do?? I never see you out at night.”

Yet another Red Herring is the

Straw Man Argument

Takes one of an opponent’s weaker, less central, arguments, refutes it, then acts as though it was the crux of the issue. This is usually done using exceptional particulars.

Example:

“All those poor people who accidentally shoot themselves at home would still be alive if guns were banned.”

Ignores the vastly greater number who have been murdered in no-gun zones because they had no way to defend themselves. In 2016, 400 people in Chicago alone.

Non Sequitur

Argument does not follow from the previous.

Usually ignores many other considerations 

Example

“Use of energy is too high. We must have a carbon tax.”

Energy use is too high because there are nearly 8 billion people on Earth when there should be 320 million.

Another specific type of Non Sequitur is the

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Argues that, once a step is taken, more steps of negative consequence will inevitably follow

Example:

“If you encourage liberty and individuality, it will most certainly lead to cultural divisiveness.”

Strong cultures are good, bring it on!

False Dichotomy

Harbors the premise that there are only two possible solutions, therefore disproving one automatically validates the other. Ignores other alternatives

Example:

In cases of snuff porn video makers, “Rehabilitation therapy with parole is the best solution, because long, fixed periods of incarceration don’t work.”

Ignores the fact that death is the only effective way of ridding society of the threat posed by the proven irredeemable evil inherent in constitutional psychopathy.

False Analogy

Phony comparison to prove a point rather than arguing deductively and inductively

Example:

“Freedom is like pepper. A little tastes good, but too much gives you indigestion.”

Undistributed Middle Term

The minor and major premise of a syllogism might or might not overlap. The falseness is usually obvious or even funny, but not always.

Example:

“Libertarians engage in free thought.

Crooks engage in free thought.

Therefore Libertarians are crooks.”

Contradictory Premises

Logical Paradox

Premise contradicts another earlier premise

Example:

“We need to construct Holocaust study programs so that it can never happen again.”

Sorry, but there is no hard evidence that it ever happened in the first place.

See essay, World War II and Causes

Special Pleading

Suggests a universal principle, then insists that it does not apply to the issue at hand

Example:

"Monogamous relationships are the norm because they give people what they truly need. Prostitution must therefore remain illegal.”

Ignores the fact that prostitution also gives many other people what they truly need, without detriment to anyone. Globalists don't want free enterprise prostitutes to compete with their human trafficking operations.

Ad Nauseam

Sickening Repetition

Where There's Smoke There's Fire

Repeating a statement too often in the hopes that the listener will begin to accept it as truth, instead of providing evidence.

Example:

Phony Russian narrative touted by subverted Globalist media. Totally disproved, but reintroduced every two weeks

False Claims

Argument based upon false claims, but is logically coherent

Example:

“How could they have good intentions, when they murdered six million innocent people?”

Retrospective Determinism

Argues that because something happened, it was inevitable. 

Example:

“Taking back Danzig was bound to lead to war sooner or later.”

Texas Sharpshooter

Where there is smoke, there is fire

Occurs when one sees an apparent pattern of data and applies to their argument

Example:

“He has so many conversations with the Russian Prime Minister, he must be a spy.”

Missing the Point

The premise supports a conclusion different from the one drawn

Example:

“Fuel prices are much too high, so speed limits will have to be lowered.”

Fuel prices are too high for many reasons unrelated to speed, besides, slower speeds do not reduce fuelconsumption.

Spotlight Fallacy

Exploits the false assumption that events which receive the most publicity are also the most common

Example:

This trick is used by subverted Globalist media bosses to destroy race and culture by instilling unwarranted guilt and self-hatred in host populations: In America, white on nonwhite crime is made front page news over and over, enflamed by phony editorials  and bills to Congress about white racism. Nonwhite on white crime is buried on page four with no mention of race. This has been done by Jewish media bosses in America since 1945. Ride the city bus every day to see the result.

Misnomer Fallacy

Defending an absurdity by calling it something it is not. Often ignores the longer term

Example:

The breed-up-quick crowd refer to race mixing as diversity. In actuality it is just the opposite, because over time it would ultimately obliterate all individual races, resulting in grey slavery. Real diversity is indigenous populations in separate sovereign nations competing in a free world market, with travelers enjoying potent undiluted cultures.

Stereotype

A stereotype is the random generalization that an individual member of an identifiable group, for better or for worse, probably possesses a particular characteristic which is alleged to, but may or may not, be especially common among members of the group. Stereotypes are often based upon race, nationality, sex, and age, but only become harmful when used to make judgements of consequence about a person, without any substantive knowledge of the person as an individual.

Example:

 “Watch out, or them corn-servatives will call you a pre-vert and summon the poe-lice.”

False Grouping Stereotype

The notion that ideas must me embraced as package deals

Example:

If someone supports gun ownership, they must, of course, oppose a woman’s right to choose about abortion.

Category Error

Attributing a property to something that could not possibly have that property

Incomplete Comparison

Two things are compared that are not related, in order to make something more appealing than it really is

Quoting Out of Context

When an original phrase is distorted by quoting it out of context

Etymological Fallacy

Posits that a term’s original meaning applies to its colloquial and modern understanding in current circumstances

Gambler's Fallacy

Belief that likelihood of a specific event can be effected by unrelated events, or that something has happened so often in the past that it is less likely that it will happen in the future.

Inflation of Conflict

Belief that instances where so many scholars have differing opinions, that this in itself calls the credibility of the entire field into question. Therefore no action should be taken.

These last four were used at Nuremberg.

Read the transcripts for yourself.

Kettle Logic

Use of several inconsistent arguments to defend a position

Shotgun Argumentation

Too many arguments for the opponent to answer them all

Proof by Verbosity

Argument too complicated and verbose for opponent to address all the particulars

Intimidation

Person making argument is so well-respected that everyone takes his claims as truth 

Fallacies 0f Ambiguity

Change of Meanings in Discussion

Render Arguments Fallacious

Equivocation

Making equivalent things that are not

Example:

Referring to the country, the people, and the government as though they were one thing.

Country is a geographically defined area within which exists the potential for absolute individual liberty. Government is that group of subverted collectivist traitors in the service of international finance who prevent this liberty from occurring. The people are that majority of brainwashed, deluded individuals who aid and abet government in doing this.

Reification

Misplaced concreteness

Example:

“We will stop Libertarian truth with censorship.”

Composition

Reasoning from of the parts of the whole to the the whole itself

Example:

“Libertarianism is a sham.”

“Why?”

“It won’t pay for sex change.”

Division

Argues that what is true of the whole must be true of individual parts

Amphiboly

Grammatical construction causes ambiguity

Hedging

Use of a double meaning or an unclear description applied to mislead or misrepresent the truth, then changing the meaning of the terms later. This is often done by politicians.

Fallacies of Omission

Absence of Necessary Information

Stacking the Deck

Ignores examples that disprove the point

Example:

“Libertarians are always libertines.”

No True Scotsman Fallacy

Stacking the deck by defining terms narrowly to exclude relevant examples

Example:

“Bolshevists were evil. They murdered sixty-six million people during their revolution.”

“Yes, but their revolution was for the future of Russia. Forty six million of the casualties were Ukrainians and Poles.”

Ad Ignorantium

Appeal to Ignorance

Example:

We should not establish a truly Libertarian society because there has never been one in the past, so we cannot know what bad things might come of it.

Ad Speculum

Hypothesis contrary to fact 

Example:

 “In America, whites owe blacks bigtime.”

In the USA, virtually all black people are descended from those who were brought to America as slaves. Most white people in America, however, are not descended from southern plantation owners, and have inherited no culpability in any of this. The presence of black people in America is, for most white people, simply an unjust cultural and gene pool encroachment.

Another related lie is that all free people were unjustly enriched by the institution of slavery. In truth, the only people who gained from slavery were the plantation owners. Everybody else was hurt because of what it did to the price of commodities and the labor market. The slavery lies are used to promote so called "social justice" via mandatory wealth redistribution.

Complex Question

Loaded Question

Implies that another unproven statement is true without evidence or discussion

Example:

“How many deaths from overdose will be acceptable to you Libertarians, if we repeal Prohibition relative to heroin?”

Ignores the fact that before Provision there was no epidemic in drug use, because there was no black market profit potential to sell it.

Argument from the Negative

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Running to Extremes

One position is untenable, so the opposite must be true

Example:

Right wing extremist parent produces

left wing extremist child, who produces right wing extremist child, who produces left wing extremist child … ad infinitum. 

Doublethink

Collectivist government favorite for adding insult to injury by naming harmful policies the exact opposite of what they are. The truth is totally omitted.

Formal Examples:Monetary Control Act

Bank Secrecy Act

Homeland Security Act

Patriot Act

Casual Examples:

Friendly Fire

Collateral Damage

Enhanced Interrogation